Preload and Afterload Nursing | Stroke Volume, Cardiac Output Explained | preload คือ

Preload and Afterload Nursing | Stroke Volume, Cardiac Output Explained

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Preload vs. afterload nursing review of stroke volume and cardiac output.
What is cardiac preload and afterload?
Cardiac preload is the amount the ventricle stretch at the end of diastole. Diastole is the filling or relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle. Preload is the amount of blood volume that fills that ventricle when the filling phase is over. Therefore, it is also called the enddiastolic volume (EDV).
Cardiac afterload is the pressure the ventricles must work against to open the semilunar valves so blood can leave the ventricle and enter either the lungs or systemic circulation. Afterload is influenced by vascular resistance, which is either pulmonary (which affects the right ventricle) or systemic vascular resistance (which affects the left ventricle).
Preload and afterload play an important role in affecting cardiac output because they influence stroke volume. Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, and it’s calculated by the heart rate times the stroke volume.
Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by a ventricle per beat. The three factors that influence stroke volume are contractility, preload, and afterload.
Quiz: https://www.registerednursern.com/preloadvsafterloadheartnursingquiz/
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โม้เรื่องรถ ep.11 : โช็คแก๊ส ดียังไง ทำงานยังไง

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Cardiovascular System Physiology – Cardiac Output (stroke volume, heart rate, preload and afterload)

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Cardiac Output, Stroke volume, EDV, ESV, Ejection Fraction

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(USMLE topics, cardiology) Cardiac Physiology Basics. This video is available for instant download licensing here: https://www.alilamedicalmedia.com//galleries/narratedvideosbytopics/cardiacphysiologynoecg//medias/63edb7b8050648bc9034026653c1142ccardiacoutputstrokevolumeedvesvejectionfractionnarr
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CARDIAC OUTPUT is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute. It is the product of STROKE VOLUME – the amount of blood pumped in one heartbeat, and HEART RATE – the number of beats in one minute. An INcrease in either stroke volume or heart rate results in INcreased cardiac output, and vice versa. For example, during physical exercises, the heart beats faster to put out more blood in response to higher demand of the body.
It is noteworthy that the ventricles do NOT eject ALL the blood they contain in one beat. In a typical example, a ventricle is filled with about 100ml of blood at the end of its load, but only 60ml is ejected during contraction. This corresponds to an EJECTION fraction of 60%. The 100ml is the endDIASTOLIC volume, or EDV. The 40ml that remains in the ventricle after contraction is the endSYSTOLIC volume, or ESV. The stroke volume equals EDV minus ESV, and is dependent on 3 factors: contractility, preload, and afterload.
Contractility refers to the force of the contraction of the heart muscle. The more forceful the contraction, the more blood it ejects.
PRELOAD is RELATED to the enddiastolic volume. Preload, by definition, is the degree of STRETCH of cardiac myocytes at the end of ventricular filling, but since this parameter is not readily measurable in patients, EDV is used instead. This is because the stretch level of the wall of a ventricle INcreases as it’s filled with more and more blood; just like a balloon the more air it contains, the more stretched it is. According to the FrankStarling mechanism, the greater the stretch, the greater the force of contraction. In the balloon analogy, the more inflated the balloon, the more forceful it releases air when deflated.
AFTERLOAD, on the other hand, is the RESISTANCE that the ventricle must overcome to eject blood. Afterload includes 2 major components:
Vascular pressure: The pressure in the left ventricle must be GREATER than the systemic pressure for the aortic valve to open. Similarly, the pressure in the right ventricle must exceed pulmonary pressure to open the pulmonary valve. In hypertension for example, higher vascular pressures make it more difficult for the valves to open, resulting in a REDUCED amount of ejected blood.
Damage to the valves, such as stenosis, also presents higher resistance and leads to lower blood output.
All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.

DO NOT BUY FIFA 22 ON STEAM HERE IS WHY… (FIFA 22 PC ORIGIN VS STEAM)

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DO NOT BUY FIFA 22 ON STEAM HERE IS WHY… (FIFA 22 PC ORIGIN VS STEAM)
In this video, we talk about whether you should buy or preorder FIFA 22 PC on steam or origin. This is why you do not buy FIFA 22 on steam. This is a comparison to why FIFA 22 on PC is better to purchase on Origin than Steam.
IS FIFA 22 ON PC REALLY WORTH IT? (FIFA 22 PC)
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